The growing popularity of CBD oil has brought with it numerous questions about its effects, benefits, and potential side effects. Among the most common concerns that new and potential users have is whether CBD oil can cause hallucinations or other psychoactive effects. This comprehensive guide aims to address the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate” by examining scientific evidence, understanding the composition of CBD products, and clarifying common misconceptions that may contribute to this concern. Whether you’re considering CBD for therapeutic purposes or simply curious about its effects, this evidence-based exploration will provide clarity on what you can realistically expect from CBD oil consumption.

Understanding CBD Oil: Composition and Properties

CBD (cannabidiol) oil is derived from the cannabis plant, specifically from hemp varieties that contain high levels of CBD and minimal amounts of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). Unlike its cousin THC, CBD does not produce the euphoric “high” commonly associated with cannabis use. The composition of CBD oil typically includes the cannabidiol compound suspended in a carrier oil such as MCT (medium-chain triglyceride) oil, hemp seed oil, or olive oil. This formulation enhances the bioavailability of CBD, allowing it to be more effectively absorbed by the body when consumed orally or applied topically.

When considering whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, it’s essential to understand the fundamental properties of CBD itself. Cannabidiol interacts primarily with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex cell-signaling system that plays a role in regulating various physiological and cognitive processes. Unlike THC, CBD does not bind directly to the CB1 receptors in the brain that are responsible for psychoactive effects. Instead, it works indirectly by influencing the activity of enzymes, neurotransmitters, and other receptor systems throughout the body. This distinct mechanism of action explains why pure CBD oil does not typically cause hallucinations or intoxication when used as directed.

How CBD Oil is Manufactured and Tested

The production process of CBD oil involves several critical steps that influence its final composition and effects. The extraction method plays a significant role in determining the purity and potency of the final product. Common extraction techniques include CO2 extraction, ethanol extraction, and oil infusion. Each method has its advantages and potential drawbacks regarding the preservation of beneficial compounds and the removal of unwanted substances. Premium CBD manufacturers typically utilize CO2 extraction, which is considered the gold standard due to its ability to produce clean, potent extracts without the use of harsh solvents that could leave harmful residues.

Laboratory testing represents another crucial aspect of CBD oil production that directly relates to the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate.” Reputable manufacturers subject their products to comprehensive third-party testing to verify cannabinoid content and ensure the absence of contaminants that could potentially cause adverse effects. These tests typically include cannabinoid profiling to confirm THC levels remain below the legal threshold of 0.3%, terpene analysis to identify beneficial aromatic compounds, and screening for pesticides, heavy metals, residual solvents, and microbial contaminants. Through these rigorous testing protocols, quality manufacturers ensure that their CBD oil will not cause hallucinations due to unexpected THC content or harmful contaminants that could affect cognitive function.

The Science Behind Hallucinations: How They Occur in the Brain

To address the concern of whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, we must first understand what hallucinations are and how they occur from a neurological perspective. Hallucinations are perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli—essentially seeing, hearing, feeling, or otherwise sensing things that aren’t actually present in the environment. From a neuroscientific standpoint, hallucinations result from abnormal patterns of neural activity in the brain regions responsible for sensory processing and perception. These unusual activation patterns can be triggered by various factors including certain drugs, neurological conditions, severe psychological stress, or sensory deprivation.

The primary mechanism behind drug-induced hallucinations involves alterations in neurotransmitter systems, particularly those involving serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. Psychedelic substances such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline produce hallucinations primarily by activating serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, leading to increased glutamate release and altered information processing across various brain regions. THC, the psychoactive component in cannabis, can occasionally produce mild hallucinatory effects in some individuals, particularly at high doses, by activating CB1 receptors concentrated in brain regions involved in sensory processing and emotional regulation. Understanding these neurochemical pathways is crucial when examining whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, as CBD interacts with neural systems in fundamentally different ways than known hallucinogenic compounds.

Neurochemical Mechanisms of Hallucinogenic Substances

The substances known to reliably produce hallucinations share certain neurochemical properties that distinguish them from non-hallucinogenic compounds like CBD. Classical hallucinogens such as LSD and psilocybin primarily act as agonists at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, while dissociative hallucinogens like ketamine and PCP primarily block NMDA glutamate receptors. These distinct mechanisms lead to profound alterations in sensory processing, cognitive function, and subjective experience. When examining whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, researchers have found that CBD does not substantively activate these receptor systems in ways that would trigger hallucinatory experiences.

Neuroimaging studies have provided valuable insights into how hallucinogenic substances affect brain activity. These studies reveal that hallucinogens often increase connectivity between brain regions that don’t typically communicate with each other, while simultaneously reducing the brain’s normal filtering mechanisms that help distinguish relevant from irrelevant stimuli. This neurological pattern creates the characteristic perceptual distortions and sensory crossover experiences associated with hallucinations. In contrast, CBD has been shown to have very different effects on brain activity, often promoting more organized patterns of neural communication and potentially even counteracting the disorganized thinking associated with certain psychiatric conditions. These fundamental differences in neurological effects provide strong evidence against the notion that CBD oil can make you hallucinate under normal circumstances and when used as directed.

CBD vs. THC: Critical Differences in Psychoactive Effects

When addressing the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” the distinction between CBD and THC becomes paramount. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis responsible for the euphoric “high” sensation, and in some cases, perceptual alterations that could be described as mild hallucinations, particularly at high doses. THC achieves these effects by binding directly to CB1 receptors in the brain, particularly in regions involved in sensory processing, mood regulation, and cognitive function. This direct activation of CB1 receptors leads to alterations in neurotransmitter release and neural signaling that can profoundly affect perception, mood, and thinking.

In stark contrast, CBD (cannabidiol) has a fundamentally different relationship with the endocannabinoid system. Rather than directly activating CB1 receptors, CBD acts as a negative allosteric modulator of these receptors, which means it can actually alter the receptor’s shape and reduce its ability to be activated by THC and similar compounds. Additionally, CBD interacts with numerous other receptor systems including serotonin (5-HT1A), vanilloid (TRPV1), and adenosine receptors, among others. These distinct mechanisms explain why CBD oil does not make you hallucinate or produce intoxicating effects similar to THC. In fact, research suggests that CBD may actually mitigate some of the psychoactive effects of THC when the two compounds are used together, further supporting the conclusion that pure CBD oil lacks hallucinogenic properties.

Legal Distinctions and Product Compliance

The legal landscape surrounding cannabis products directly influences the likelihood that a CBD oil might contain sufficient THC to potentially cause psychoactive effects. In the United States, the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp-derived CBD products containing less than 0.3% THC on a dry weight basis at the federal level. This threshold was specifically established to ensure that legal CBD products do not contain enough THC to produce significant psychoactive effects, including hallucinations. When asking “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” it’s crucial to distinguish between compliant CBD products and those that may contain higher levels of THC, either intentionally or due to poor manufacturing processes and inadequate testing.

Product compliance varies significantly between manufacturers and can directly impact whether a CBD oil might cause unexpected effects. Legitimate CBD companies invest in comprehensive third-party testing to verify cannabinoid content and ensure THC levels remain below legal thresholds. These test results are typically made available to consumers through certificates of analysis (COAs) that detail the exact cannabinoid profile of each product batch. When considering whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, consumers should prioritize products from transparent manufacturers who provide these verification documents. Non-compliant products that contain undisclosed amounts of THC exceeding legal limits could potentially cause mild psychoactive effects in sensitive individuals, though true hallucinations would still be extremely unlikely even with moderately elevated THC levels.

Clinical Research on CBD Oil and Cognitive Function

Scientific investigations into CBD’s effects on brain function provide valuable insights when addressing the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate.” Multiple clinical studies have examined how CBD influences various aspects of cognition, perception, and mental processing. Rather than inducing perceptual distortions or hallucinations, research consistently shows that CBD either has neutral effects on cognitive function or may actually improve certain aspects of cognition under specific circumstances. A notable 2020 review published in the Journal of Cannabis Research evaluated multiple clinical trials and concluded that CBD administration did not significantly impair cognitive performance across various domains including attention, memory, executive function, and processing speed—functions that are typically altered during hallucinatory states.

Research specifically examining CBD’s effects on perception has found no evidence that it induces hallucinations or perceptual distortions. In fact, several studies suggest CBD may have antipsychotic properties that could potentially reduce hallucinatory experiences in conditions like schizophrenia. A landmark randomized controlled trial published in the American Journal of Psychiatry demonstrated that CBD treatment significantly reduced psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations, in patients with schizophrenia when compared to placebo. These findings directly contradict the notion that CBD oil can make you hallucinate and instead suggest it may have therapeutic potential for reducing perceptual disturbances in certain psychiatric conditions. This growing body of evidence provides strong scientific support for the safety of CBD oil regarding its effects on perception and cognitive function.

Safety Profiles from Large-Scale CBD Studies

Comprehensive safety data from large-scale clinical trials and epidemiological studies provides further evidence when evaluating whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate. The FDA-approved CBD medication Epidiolex, used to treat certain forms of epilepsy, underwent extensive clinical testing involving thousands of patients before receiving regulatory approval. Throughout these rigorous trials, hallucinations were not identified as a significant adverse effect associated with CBD treatment, even at the relatively high doses used for epilepsy management (typically 10-20 mg/kg/day, which far exceeds the amounts used in typical consumer CBD products). This extensive clinical data offers strong evidence that CBD oil does not make you hallucinate when used as directed, even at therapeutic doses substantially higher than typical consumer usage.

The World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a comprehensive review of CBD safety and concluded that “CBD is generally well tolerated with a good safety profile.” The report specifically noted that CBD does not exhibit effects indicative of abuse or dependence potential, and unlike THC, does not cause psychoactive effects such as hallucinations. Population-based studies examining self-reported effects among CBD users consistently find that perceptual disturbances or hallucinations are not commonly reported adverse effects associated with CBD use. Instead, reported side effects typically include mild concerns such as drowsiness, dry mouth, or gastrointestinal discomfort. This substantial body of safety data from various sources provides consistent and compelling evidence against the notion that CBD oil can make you hallucinate under normal usage conditions.

Common Misconceptions About CBD Oil and Hallucinations

When addressing the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” it’s essential to examine several common misconceptions that contribute to this concern. One prevalent misunderstanding stems from the general association between cannabis and psychoactive effects. Many people incorrectly assume that all cannabis-derived products, including CBD oil, produce similar mind-altering effects. This confusion often results from failing to distinguish between the two primary cannabinoids: THC, which can cause psychoactive effects including perceptual alterations at high doses, and CBD, which does not bind to the same receptors in the brain and therefore does not produce the same psychoactive effects. This fundamental misunderstanding leads many to incorrectly believe that CBD oil can make you hallucinate simply because it comes from the cannabis plant.

Another common misconception involves conflating CBD products with other cannabis preparations that contain significant amounts of THC. When individuals report “hallucinations from CBD,” further investigation typically reveals they were using full-spectrum products with unknown THC concentrations, products mislabeled regarding their cannabinoid content, or products from unverified sources that may contain synthetic cannabinoids or other contaminants. True CBD isolate or broad-spectrum products containing non-detectable levels of THC have not been scientifically linked to hallucinatory effects. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for consumers seeking accurate information about whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate and highlights the importance of choosing products from reputable manufacturers who provide comprehensive third-party testing documentation.

Media Portrayals vs. Scientific Reality

Media coverage and internet discourse surrounding CBD often contribute to misconceptions about its effects, including the false belief that CBD oil can make you hallucinate. Sensationalized headlines and anecdotal reports of unusual reactions sometimes receive disproportionate attention compared to the substantial body of scientific evidence regarding CBD’s safety profile. This imbalanced coverage can create a perception that hallucinatory experiences are more common or likely than scientific evidence indicates. Additionally, the internet abounds with unverified personal accounts that may attribute various symptoms to CBD without controlling for other variables such as concurrent medications, pre-existing conditions, or the actual composition of the products being used.

Scientific literature tells a very different story regarding whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining CBD’s side effect profile consistently find no evidence that hallucinations are associated with CBD use. In contrast, these comprehensive analyses typically note CBD’s generally favorable safety profile, with the most common side effects being mild and non-psychoactive in nature. The disconnect between media portrayals and scientific reality highlights the importance of consulting primary scientific sources when evaluating claims about CBD’s effects. Healthcare providers, researchers, and reputable industry organizations consistently agree that pure CBD oil does not cause hallucinations when used as directed and obtained from legitimate sources that provide verification of their products’ contents.

Factors That May Influence Unusual Reactions to CBD Products

While the scientific consensus indicates CBD itself does not cause hallucinations, certain factors may influence individual responses to CBD products and could potentially contribute to unusual experiences that might be misinterpreted as hallucinations. Product quality and composition represent crucial variables when considering whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate. Products containing undisclosed synthetic cannabinoids, higher-than-labeled THC content, or various contaminants could potentially cause unexpected effects including perceptual disturbances in some users. These quality issues are almost exclusively associated with products obtained from unregulated sources that do not provide comprehensive third-party testing documentation or that operate outside of legal compliance frameworks.

Individual biological factors also play significant roles in determining responses to CBD. Genetic variations in the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which metabolizes cannabinoids and many other substances, can dramatically affect how individuals process CBD and potentially influence its effects. Additionally, pre-existing health conditions, particularly those affecting liver function, neurological health, or psychiatric status, may modify how the body responds to cannabinoids. When addressing the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” it’s important to recognize that extremely rare idiosyncratic reactions can occur with virtually any substance, including CBD, though true hallucinations from properly manufactured CBD products remain exceedingly uncommon and inconsistent with the compound’s known pharmacological properties.

Drug Interactions and Cumulative Effects

Drug interactions represent another potential factor that could influence reactions to CBD and should be considered when evaluating whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate. CBD inhibits several cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for metabolizing many common medications, potentially increasing blood levels of these drugs. When CBD is taken concurrently with medications that have psychoactive properties or that may cause perceptual disturbances as side effects, the resulting interaction could theoretically enhance these effects. This does not mean CBD itself causes hallucinations, but rather that it might alter the metabolism of other substances that could produce such effects. Common medications with potential CBD interactions include certain antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and opioid analgesics.

Environmental and psychological factors can also influence subjective experiences with CBD products. The setting in which CBD is consumed, an individual’s expectations about its effects, recent stressful experiences, sleep deprivation, and overall mental state can all impact how effects are perceived and interpreted. This phenomenon, often called “set and setting” in psychoactive substance research, can substantially influence subjective experiences even without altering the fundamental pharmacological properties of the substance itself. When addressing the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” it’s important to recognize that reports of unusual perceptual experiences following CBD use may sometimes reflect these psychological and contextual factors rather than direct pharmacological effects of CBD itself.

Can CBD Oil Make You Hallucinate? Examining Reported Cases

When investigating the specific question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” it’s instructive to examine documented case reports and adverse event data. A systematic review of the clinical literature reveals exceedingly few credible reports of hallucinations attributed solely to verified CBD consumption. The FDA adverse event reporting system, which tracks potential side effects of regulated substances including CBD products, contains minimal reports of hallucinatory experiences specifically linked to CBD use. When such reports do appear, further investigation typically reveals complicating factors such as concurrent use of other substances, pre-existing psychiatric conditions, or uncertainty about the actual composition of the products consumed. This pattern suggests that genuine hallucinations from properly manufactured CBD products containing verified cannabinoid content are extraordinarily rare if they occur at all.

The few published case reports describing unusual psychological effects attributed to CBD products almost invariably involve significant confounding variables that make causative conclusions problematic. For instance, a widely cited 2020 case report described psychiatric symptoms including hallucinations following CBD oil consumption, but subsequent toxicology analysis revealed that the product in question contained a synthetic cannabinoid not disclosed on the label rather than the CBD claimed by the manufacturer. Other reports have similarly identified mislabeled products containing significant THC content or synthetic cannabinoids masquerading as CBD products. These cases highlight the critical importance of product verification rather than suggesting that CBD oil can make you hallucinate. When limited to products with verified composition containing primarily CBD with minimal THC, evidence for hallucinogenic effects is essentially nonexistent.

Distinguishing Between Hallucinations and Other Sensations

When discussing whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, it’s important to distinguish between true hallucinations and other sensory experiences that might be misinterpreted or mislabeled. True hallucinations involve perceiving sensory information that has no basis in external reality—seeing, hearing, feeling, or otherwise sensing things that aren’t actually present. In contrast, CBD users occasionally report altered sensory experiences that fall well short of hallucinations, such as enhanced sensory awareness, mild changes in color perception, or increased sensitivity to sound. These experiences represent altered sensory processing rather than the generation of entirely false perceptions characteristic of hallucinations.

Some CBD users report experiences that might initially seem related to the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” but actually represent different phenomena entirely. For example, the relaxation effects of CBD might cause some individuals to enter hypnagogic states—the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep—more readily. These states can naturally include dream-like imagery that might be misinterpreted as hallucinations despite having different neurological origins. Similarly, the anxiolytic effects of CBD might reduce sensory filtering mechanisms in some individuals, leading to greater awareness of environmental stimuli that were previously filtered out of conscious perception. These experiences reflect CBD’s known effects on anxiety reduction and potential promotion of relaxation rather than suggesting hallucinogenic properties.

Potential Benefits of CBD Oil for Mental Clarity and Cognitive Health

Contrary to concerns about whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, emerging research suggests that CBD may actually offer benefits for cognitive function and mental clarity under certain circumstances. Several clinical studies have investigated CBD’s effects on cognitive performance in both healthy individuals and those with various health conditions. While results indicate that CBD typically doesn’t enhance cognitive performance in healthy individuals under normal conditions, it may help normalize cognitive function during states of stress or anxiety. A 2019 study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that CBD attenuated the negative effects of stress on cognitive performance and working memory, suggesting potential cognitive-protective effects during challenging mental states.

For individuals experiencing anxiety, which can significantly impair concentration and cognitive function, CBD’s anxiolytic properties may indirectly support improved mental clarity. Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated CBD’s anxiety-reducing effects across various anxiety disorders and in response to stressful situations. By alleviating anxiety symptoms, CBD may help remove cognitive obstacles that interfere with optimal mental performance. This potential benefit contrasts sharply with the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” as improved mental clarity represents the opposite of the disorganized thinking and perceptual distortions characteristic of hallucinatory states. For individuals whose cognitive function is compromised by anxiety or stress, CBD may offer a path to clearer thinking rather than cognitive impairment.

CBD for Focus and Attention Support

Recent research exploring CBD’s effects on attention and focus provides further context when addressing concerns about whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate. Several preliminary studies suggest that CBD may have potential benefits for attention deficits under specific circumstances. A 2020 randomized controlled trial published in Frontiers in Pharmacology found that a single dose of CBD improved attention and working memory performance in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to placebo. While these findings remain preliminary and require further validation through larger studies, they suggest CBD’s potential to support rather than impair attentional processes—effects that directly contradict what would be expected if CBD oil could make you hallucinate.

The neurobiological mechanisms underlying CBD’s potential attention-supporting effects involve its interaction with the dopaminergic system and regulation of prefrontal cortex activity—brain regions and neurotransmitter systems critical for executive function. By modulating rather than disrupting these cognitive control systems, CBD may help optimize their function particularly when they’re compromised by conditions like anxiety or ADHD. Additionally, CBD’s potential neuroprotective properties, demonstrated in various preclinical models, suggest it may support long-term cognitive health by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that can impair cognitive function over time. These mechanistic insights provide further evidence against the notion that CBD oil can make you hallucinate and instead suggest potential cognitive benefits that warrant continued scientific investigation.

Why Crop Processors Ensures Safe, Laboratory-Tested CBD Oil Products

When addressing concerns about whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, the quality and verification standards of the manufacturer become paramount considerations. Crop Processors has established itself as an industry leader through its unwavering commitment to product safety, potency verification, and transparency. The company implements a comprehensive seed-to-shelf quality control system that monitors every stage of production from hemp cultivation through extraction, formulation, and final product testing. This vertically integrated approach enables Crop Processors to maintain strict oversight of all variables that could potentially affect product composition and safety. By controlling the entire production process, Crop Processors can confidently provide CBD oil products that contain precisely what’s on the label and nothing else—a crucial consideration when evaluating whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate due to unknown ingredients or contaminants.

The testing protocols employed by Crop Processors exceed industry standards and regulatory requirements, providing multiple verification points throughout the production process. Each product batch undergoes comprehensive cannabinoid profiling using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to verify CBD potency and confirm THC levels remain below the legal threshold of 0.3%. This testing is particularly relevant to the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate,” as it ensures products contain non-intoxicating levels of THC that won’t produce psychoactive effects. Additionally, Crop Processors conducts extensive screening for potential contaminants including pesticides, heavy metals, residual solvents, microbial pathogens, and mycotoxins. These rigorous quality assurance measures ensure that when consumers choose Crop Processors CBD oil, they receive products that deliver consistent, predictable effects without unwanted surprises.

Crop Processors’ Commitment to Consumer Education and Transparency

Beyond product quality, Crop Processors demonstrate exemplary commitment to consumer education regarding realistic expectations for CBD effects—directly addressing misconceptions like “can CBD oil make you hallucinate.” The company provides detailed educational resources that clearly explain CBD’s potential benefits and limitations based on current scientific evidence rather than making exaggerated claims or reinforcing common misconceptions. This educational approach includes transparent communication about the typical effects consumers might expect from various CBD formulations, appropriate dosing guidelines based on different objectives, and honest discussion of potential side effects that aligns with the scientific literature rather than anecdotal reports or media sensationalism.

Crop Processors further distinguishes itself through transparency practices that empower consumers to verify product claims independently. Each product comes with a batch-specific QR code that provides access to comprehensive certificates of analysis (COAs) from ISO-accredited independent laboratories. These detailed reports verify cannabinoid content and confirm the absence of contaminants, allowing consumers to see exactly what they’re putting into their bodies. This transparency is particularly valuable when addressing concerns about whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate, as it provides concrete evidence that products contain the advertised CBD levels without unexpected THC content or contaminants that could potentially cause adverse effects. Through this commitment to verified quality and consumer education, Crop Processors helps demystify CBD and provides products that deliver consistent, science-backed benefits.

Specialized Formulations for Mental Wellness Support

Crop Processors has developed specialized CBD oil formulations specifically designed to support mental wellness and cognitive function, directly contrasting with concerns about whether CBD oil can make you hallucinate. Their cognitive support line incorporates complementary ingredients with established benefits for brain health, including omega-3 fatty acids, phosphatidylserine, and select adaptogenic herbs that work synergistically with CBD’s potential neuroprotective properties. These thoughtfully developed formulations reflect Crop Processors’ science-based approach to product development, focusing on evidence-backed ingredients that support rather than impair cognitive function and mental clarity.

For consumers specifically concerned with stress management and mental clarity, Crop Processors offers CBD formulations that include L-theanine and other calming compounds known to promote alpha brain wave activity associated with relaxed alertness. These products are specifically engineered to support focused calm without sedation or perceptual alterations, directly addressing the question “can CBD oil make you hallucinate” with formulations designed to enhance mental clarity rather than impair it. This targeted approach to product development demonstrates Crop Processors’ understanding of consumer needs and commitment to providing solutions based on scientific principles rather than market trends or unsubstantiated claims. By focusing on evidence-based formulations and transparent manufacturing practices, Crop Processors provide consumers with CBD oil products they can trust for consistent, beneficial effects on mental and physical wellbeing.